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大学英语自学教程unit 09 学术词汇与普通词汇

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09-A. Learned words and popular words

大学英语自学教程unit 09 学术词汇与普通词汇

 In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language. Such words may be called “popular,” since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of limited class only.

 On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home. Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style. Such words are called "learned", and the difference between them and "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of language.

 The difference between popular and learned words may be easily seen in a few examples. We may describe a girl as “lively” or as "vivacious." In the first case, we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. In the latter, we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning. Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different. No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. It is a part of everybody's vocabulary. We cannot remember a time when we did not know it, and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. On the other hand, we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious. We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend. Both lively and vivacious are good English words, but Lively is popular and vivacious is learned.

 The terms "popular" and "learned,” as applied to words, are not absolute definitions. No two persons have the same stock of words, and the same word may be "popular" in one man's vocabulary and "learned in another's. There are also different grades of "popularity." Still, the classification into "learned" and "popular" is convenient and sound. Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle. We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception. When we call a word "popular," we do not mean that it is a favorite word, but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole that is, it is everybody's word, not the possession of a limited number. When we call a word "learned” we do not mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation.

 课文译文

 学术词汇与普通词汇

 每一种发展起来的语言中都有两大类词汇,这两大类词汇合起来就构成整个词汇。首先是我们在平时谈话中所熟悉的词,也就是说,这些词是我们从家人和朋友那儿学来的,即使我们不会读书写字我们也应该知道这些词。它们与生活中常见的事情有关,是说这种语言的人都具备的。这样的词叫“普通词汇”,因为它们属于普通大众,而不属于某个有限阶层的人们。

 另一方面,我们的语言中还包括大量日常谈话中较少用到的词。每个受过教育的人都知道它们的意思,但是在家里却很少用它们。我们第一次认识这些词不是来自于母亲的话,也不是来自于同学们的谈话,而是来自于我们所读的书,所听的讲座或者受过高等教育的人以严肃的风格讨论某个特定话题时的更为正式的谈话。这样的词叫做“学术词汇”。学术词汇与普通词汇之间的区别对于正确理解语言极其重要。

 从下面几个例子中就可以容易看出普通词汇与学术词汇的不同。我们可以描述一个女孩是“lively”或“vivacious”。在第一种情况中,我们用的是一个由大家所熟知的名词life形成的本土英语词;在后一种情况中,我们用的是一个有着完全相同含义的拉丁派生词。然而,这两个词的使用环境很不相同。人们不是从书本上学到lively这个形容词的。它是每个人词汇的一部分。我们不曾记得什么时候不知道这个词,而且我们确信早在我们能读书之前就学到了这个词。另一方面,我们肯定是在经过几年的学习生活之后才学到vivacious这个词的。我们甚至记得什么时候第一次从书上看到它或从某个朋友那儿听到它。lively和vivacious两个词都是很好的英语单词,但lively是个普通词而vivacious是个学术词。

 “普通的”和“学术的”这两个术语,当用于给词分类时,并不具有绝对明确的定义。任何两个人所掌握的词汇都不一样。同一个词在一个人的词汇里可能是“普通的”,而在另一个人的词汇里可能是“学术的”。“普通性”的程度也不一样。然而,把词汇分成“普通的.”和“学术的”是方便的、合理的。关于某个特定的词的分类可能会出现分歧,但是关于一般原则不会有不同的意见。然而我们必须仔细,以免造成错误想法。当我们把一个词叫做“普通词”时,我们并不是说它就是个人们喜欢的词,而只是意味着它属于大家——也就是说,它是每个人的词,而不是某一有限数量的人们的词。当我们把一个词叫做“学术词”时,我们的意思并不是它只为有学问的人所使用,而只是意味着它在英语词汇中的出现是由于书籍和文学的培养,而不是日常谈话的实际需要。

1,剑桥商务英语BEC

适合人群:具备高考英语相当水平,工作环境对英文有一定要求的人。

优点:剑桥商务英语BEC这一套教材实在不用笔者多夸,因为对商务英语稍有了解的人都知道它是实实在在得有用,当之无愧江湖上“外企绿卡”的名号。

首先从“出身”而言,这套教材由英国剑桥大学下属的考试委员会开发。该考试委员会除了是BEC证书的直属管理机构外,还负责如雅思、A-Level(相当于英国的高考、SAT)、剑桥通用五级证书等认可度极高的考试。历史那是相当的悠久(如果百度百科信得过,那得有150年)。所以既然是考委会的指定教材,它的对口性毋庸置疑。

另外,这套教材秉承了国外教材的精髓,就俩字:实用!具体说来,BEC是根据不同的商务场景编撰,拓展到相关的对话、词汇、题目。如果你对比过同一领域的国内教材,就会发现它真是大大的有趣。即便是不打算考试的人,学下来也有益无害。完全不用担心只是为了应考学了些条条框框。特别如果你已经在外企,那更是可以现学现用起来。

不足:作为一套试图覆盖整个商务领域的备考教材,BEC仍旧逃不开“太泛”的缺陷:因为有“宽度”,难免“深度”不够。在某些专项训练上,如商务文书写作、面试技巧、谈判技巧等,都只能点到为止、没有深入的探讨。这对于有高级需求的学生而言只能通过其他书籍或课程弥补了。

2,新概念

适合人群:英语基础较差,想要全面提升英语综合能力的人。

优点:和BEC一样,新概念也是经历时间验证的经典英语教程。相对而言这套教材能让你更全面地夯实英语基础。并且总共四册,能更精准地定位你的现有语言水平、从而展开学习。大致来说,新概念的四册分别适用于:第一册零基础;第二册初中英语水平;第三册高中到大学四级;第四册大学六级及以上。

再者,新概念课文的优美程度有口皆碑(尤其三、四册),是很多大学老师推荐晨读及背诵的典范。前几年改革后的新版教材更加完善,配有英音和美音两种录音,足见编撰者的用心。所以对提升听说读写全方位的能力而言,的确是首选。

不足:相对BEC,新概念涉及的教学题材就更加广泛。它并非一本针对商务领域的教材。笔者以为,如果你从事的工作并非商业外贸相关,学习英语只为提高能力,那么新概念会更加适合。

3,剑桥国际英语

适合人群:具备初级英语水平,特别希望提高听、说能力的人。

优点:《剑桥国际英语》Interchange 这套教材在国内的知名度还不算高,但在国际上已经是很多老师首选的英语教材。尤其是在提高听说能力上,这套教材有着前两种教材不具备的优势。首先教材的编写就是以“生活情景”来划分,有很多实用的口语词汇和句式。另外口语练习的环节尤其注重互动性,有专门的发音配套录音。

不足:如上所述,因为Interchange是着重听说的教材,所以在语法结构的学习上可能还需要额外巩固。教材中有简单的语法点,但不会如新概念那样有系统的讲解。不过如果你不是为了某个考试来学习,或者学英语是为了出国旅行、跟外国朋友交流,那这套教材就非常合适你了。

综上所述,这三本教材都非常经典,适合人群不同而已。如果你有商务需求,那么BEC是不二的选择;如果想要全面打牢基础从头学,那新概念就是首选;如果目的在提高口语,那么就应该从剑桥国际英语入手了。最后,语言学习不是一蹴而就,无论选择什么教材,只有不断坚持才能真正成功!

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