摘 要: 《大学英语泛读》是面向高等学校本专科学生开设的一门非常重要的必修课程,其目的在于提高学生阅读英语材料的速度、准确性,扩大学生的知识面,开阔文化视野。然而目前,不少高校还存在着泛读课堂教学质量偏低,学生学习效果偏差的情况。针对以上问题,作者从泛读课堂教学经验出发,谈谈提高泛读课堂教学质量的体会。
关键词: 大学英语泛读 课堂教学 教学目标 教学质量
大学英语泛读是面向高等学校本专科学生开设的一门非常重要的必修课程,其目的在于指导学生掌握各种阅读方法,从而提高理解的准确性,加快阅读速度,同时,扩大知识面,拓宽文化视野。与精读课相比,泛读课的阅读量大,帮助生活在信息爆炸时代的学生通过大量阅读,快速、准确地获取并处理信息。对于单词、语法现象和语言点的讲解比较粗略,仅限于点到为止或者一带而过。目前,在我国的某些地区,英语泛读教学依然得不到足够重视,有时被忽略,有时被当成精读。那么,如何提高大学英语泛读课堂的教学质量,向每周九十分钟的泛读课堂要效率?下面我试从泛读课堂教学的实际出发,谈谈提高泛读课堂教学质量的体会。
一、根据学生的实际情况选择合适的泛读教学材料
学生进校时的英语水平不尽相同,不仅如此,学校和学校之间,地区与地区之间的英语水平,也存在着较大差异,因此,应在学生进校时对其整体英语水平进行测试,了解基本情况,选择合适的泛读教学材料。一般来说,由董亚芬主编,上海外语教育出版社出版的《大学英语泛读》系列教材是目前高校常用的泛读教材。教材共6册,每册30篇文章,每课课后有相应的配套练习,包括根据课文内容判断、选择、翻译句子。教材所选的课文篇幅合适,内容涉及社会生活各个方面,有利于泛读教学目标的实现。后来,此套教材在广泛听取全国各地教师和学生意见的基础上进行了修订,对课文进行了适当的调整,进一步完善了练习,突出了对重点词汇的训练,因此,选取此套教材作为泛读课的阅读材料是比较合适的。教师可以在选取此套教材的基础上灵活把握,选择操作方便,贴近学生生活,对学生成长有较大促进作用的课文和练习,并不一定每课必上。如果学生的英语水平整体比较高,就可以考虑用由王守仁,赵文书主编,上海外语教育出版社出版的《新编英语泛读教程》。此套教材所选取的语言材料涉及英语国家的社会政治、经济、文化、历史、新闻、宗教、体育等各个方面,全套共四册,每册十八单元,每个单元分三部分:第一部分包括词汇测试、课文、阅读方法、练习;第二部分是一篇更长的课文,内容是相关题材的深化或补充,可以供学生课外阅读,教师上课检查,也可以做适当讲解;第三部分是三至四篇相关题材的短文,主要用于快速阅读训练。此套教材所选取的课文和练习的难度相对较大,比较适合英语基础较好的学生使用。
在选择了一套合适的教材之后,教师可以适当地向学生推荐一些高质量的课外阅读材料,如《心灵鸡汤》,《21世纪英语报》,等等,上课若没有处理,就可以让学生每周阅读3—4篇美文,写出summary上交,用这种方法鼓励督促学生进行课外阅读作为课内阅读的有力补充。
二、根据泛读教学目的,制定多维教学目标
以往,许多教师在制定泛读课的教学目标时只考虑到了学生阅读能力的提高,却忽视了学生对课文内容的理解与把握,文化视野的拓宽和背景知识的掌握,以及情感、态度、价值观的培养,而这些因素对学生的全面发展可以起到不可替代的作用。在文章开头已经论述过,泛读课的教学目的在于指导学生掌握各种阅读方法,提高阅读的准确性,加快阅读速度,扩充知识面,拓宽文化视野。因此,教师应根据泛读教学的目的,制定多方面的教学目标,在提高学生阅读能力的同时,注意其知识面的扩大,情感、态度、动机、兴趣的培养与激发。只有制定科学的教学目标,教师才能在目标的指引下进一步改进教学活动,从而进一步提高泛读课的教学质量。
三、根据教材特点,设计行之有效的活动
课堂教学活动的设计是否科学合理,直接决定了课堂教学质量的高低。根据泛读课的课堂教学时间和教材的基本特点,可以考虑设计以下教学活动。
1.导入(Lead-in)
导入是教师在新课开始时引导学生进入学习状态的行为方式。在九十分钟的泛读课堂上,如果教师能在刚刚开始的几分钟内用恰当的导入方法和技巧,就一定能够深深吸引学生的注意力,激发其学习兴趣。导入时教师可以利用多种方式,如提问法、辩论法、游戏法、表演法,等等。教师应根据文章特点设计合适的导入方式,并在导入过程中收放自如。刚进入课堂时要善于发散学生思维,达到了效果之后及时收住,把学生的思维巧妙地引到要学的课文上。导入的时间应控制在十分钟左右,这一环节是泛读教学成功的前提。
2.快速阅读(Fast-reading)
这一步是指教师指导学生第一遍阅读课文。教师应根据课文的整体内容设计一个任务,让学生在规定时间内完成。任务的设计要具体情况具体分析,可以要求学生根据一定的提示划分结构,也可以要求学生在快速阅读课文后找出故事的基本要素。任务难度不宜过大,要保证绝大部分的学生有能力完成。时间控制在十分钟左右为宜,设计这一步的目的是训练学生在短时间内把握文章大意的能力和查找特定信息的能力,并提高学生的阅读速度。
3.精细阅读(Careful-reading)
这一步是指学生在教师的指导下,在领会文章大意的基础上第二遍阅读课文。这一步,教师需要根据课文每个部分的重点内容设计不同的任务,如设置细节性问题、寻找主题句、填表、表演、当堂测试,等等,让学生带着这些任务仔细阅读文章的相关部分,并完成任务。任务量与难度都比第二步中的更大。
精细阅读这一步的设计可以千变万化,这一步的设计目的是帮助学生把握文章的重点内容,提高学生阅读的准确性。这一步,理解文章才是最重要的,可以穿插进行一些翻译,但不能耗时太多。这一环节是泛读教学的关键,对教学成果起着非常重要的决定作用,时间应控制在五十分钟左右。
送上阅读一篇,包括答案解析。
Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "The streets would be littered with people lying here and there.
"Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides, says he: "Since plants do not he jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare. " And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens-a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standard that ly to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We've got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made. "
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans he no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they he every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practicesor turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will he to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
1. What does the author think of the Americans' view of their food?
A) They overstate the 's interference with the food industry.
B) They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.
C) They overestimate the hazards of their food.
D) They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
2. The author considers it impossible to oain no-risk food because ____.
A) no food is free from pollution in the environment
B) pesticides are widely used in agriculture
C) many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals
D) almost all foods he additives
3. By saying "they employ chemical warfare"(Para. 2), Bruce Ames means ____.
A) plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases
B) plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
C) farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants
D) farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases
4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ____.
A) the B) the consumer
C) the processor D) the grower
5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?
A) Eating and drinking he become more hazardous than before.
B) Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.
C) Health food is not a dream in modern society.
D) There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.
答案及解析:
1.C 细节题。通过题干回到文章里找相对应的句子可以得知答案。根据短文得知,作者认为,美国人对食物的看法是过高地估价了食物的危害。见文章的第一句 Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food.可以看出,美国人对有关food和risk的看法是歪曲和夸张distorted and exaggerated,所以答案为C。
2. C 因果关系题。通过题干中的结果,回到文章中找相对应的原因,便可以得知答案。根据短文得知,作者认为不可能得到无害食物,因为很多蔬菜本身含有化学物质。见文章第二段第1-2句:Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames ,chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides可以看出,第二句是解释第一句中的结果,既然up to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides(植物组成的1/10是天然刹虫剂),所以答案为C。
3. A 词义题。通过上下文可以得知答案。根据短文得知,Bruce Ames所说的they employ chemical warfare,指的是蔬菜产生某种化学物质来与病虫害做斗争。见文章第二段里的句子Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides, says he: "Since plants do not he jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare",植物本身产生natural pesticides来对付病虫害,从而保护自己,所以答案为A。
4. B 细节题。通过题干回到文章里找相对应的句子可以得知答案。根据短文得知,减少食物中潜在的危害最终在于消费者。见文章最后一段里的句子Perhaps most important, consumers will he to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly, consumers才是最关键的,所以答案为B。
5. D 主旨大意题。通过各段落的主题句可以得知答案。根据短文得知,在这篇文章里作者想说明对食物消费有必要引起注意,但无须紧张。见文章各段的主题句:(Para.1)Many Americans harbor a grossly dis torted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food(美国人过高地估价了食物的危害)。 (Para.2) Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing(虽然美国人对无害食物的需求越来越大,但根本就不存在无害食物)。 (Para. 3) Yet the issues are not that simple(问题并没有那么简单)。 (Para.4) To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen itsenforcement policies. Perhaps most important, consumers will he to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. (虽然可以取措施,但关键在于消费者)。所以答案D。
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